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T.H.Huxley
Pre-reading
ThomasHenryHuxley（1825-1895）wasdescribedbyAmerialistH.L.MehegreatestEnglishmahtury”
andawriterof“Englishprose”
.RememberedtodayasaialadvocateforCharlesDarwiionarytheories，Huxleywasahighlyregardedstistandphilosopherwithatalentforexplainisdforcefully.
ALiberalEduisafromalongeressay，ALiberalEdudWheretoFindIt，whichHuxleypresentedin1868attheSouthLMen’sCollege.
Promptsf
1.Whatistheequivalentof“liberaleduese?
2.Howdoestheauthor’sopeninganalogy—parioachessgame—preparereadersforhisdisofthevalueandpurposeofedu?
3.WhatisHuxley’simageoflife?
4.Howdoestheauthorpositioioninthegameoflife?
5.WhatroledoesNatureplayiion?
6.Whatistheapprtheauthoruseswheoexplainhissenseof“pulsoryedu”
?
7.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“artificialedu”
?
8.Whatistherelatiouraledudartificialedu?
9.Inwhatwaysdoesliberaledutrainaman?
10.Arethereanyallusionsinthisessay?Whatarethesourcesoftheallusions?
11.Whatimagesuresarebroughttoyourmindwhetheauthor’sdefinitionof“liberaledu”
attheendofthisessay?
[1]Bywayofabegiusaskourselves—Whatisedu?Aboveallthings，whatisouridealhlyliberaledu?—ofthateduwhich，ifwecouldbeginlifeagain，wewouldgiveourselves—ofthateduwhich，ifweouldthefatestoouroouldgiveour?Well，Iknownotwhatmaybeyoursuponthismatter，butIwilltellyoumine，andIhopeIshallfindthatourviewsarenotverydist.
[2]Supposeitwereperfectlythatthelifeandfortuneofeveryoneofuswould，onedayorother，dependuponhiswinningagameat’tyouthinkthatweshouldallsiderittobeaprimarydutytolearhehemovesofthepieces;tohaveanotionofagambit，andakeeneyeforallthemeansofgiviofcheck?Doyounotthinkthatweshouldlookrobation1amountingtosthefatherwhoallowedhissoewhiembers，togrowupwithoutknoawnfromaknight?
[3]Yet，itisaveryplairuththatthelife，thefortuhehappinessofeveryoneofus，and，moreorless，ofthosewhoareectedwithus，dodependupsomethingoftherulesofagameinfinitelymorediffidplichess.Itisagamelayedforuntoldages，everymanandwomanofusbeiwameofhisorherown.Thechess-boardistheworld，thepiecesarethepheheuherulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofheplayerohersideishiddenfromus.Weknolayisalwaysfair，justaalsoweknow，toourcost，thatheneveroverlooksamistake，ormakesthesmallestallhemanwhoplayswell，thehigheststakesarepaid，withthatsorteywithwhichthestrongshowsdelightih.Andonewhoplaysillischeckmated—withouthaste，butwithoutremorse.
[4]MymetaphorwillremindsomeofyouofthefamouspiwhichRetzsch2hasdepiplayihmanforhissoul.Substituteforthemodinthatpictureacalm，strongangelwhoisplayingforlove，aswesay，andwouldratherlosethanwin—andIshouldacceptitasanimageofhumanlife.
[5]Well，whatImeaitherulesofthismightygame.Inotherwords，eduistheinstruoftheihelawsofNature，underwhiameIimerelythingsandtheirforces，butmenandtheirways;andthefashioniionsaoaandloviomoveinharmonywiththoselaws.Forme，edueahermorehis.Anything，whichprofessestocallitselfeduustbetriedbythisstandard，andifitfailstosta，Iwillnotcallitedu，whatevermaybetheforceofauthorityorofheotherside.
[6]Itisimporta，ihereisnosugasaedmaremecase.Supposethatanadultman，inthefullvigorofhisfaculties4，couldbesuddeheworld，asAdamissaidtohavebeeodoashebestmight.Howlongwouldhebeleftufivemiurewouldbegintoteachhim，throughtheeye，theear，thetouch，thepropertiesofobjeandpleasurewouldbeathiselbowtellinghimtodothisandavoidthat;andbyslowdegreesthemanwouldreeduwhiarrow，wouldbethh，real，aohisces，thoughtherewouldberasandveryfelishments.
[7]Andiftothissolitarymaeredaseor，betterstill，anEve，anewaerworld，thatofsodmoralphenomena，wouldberevealed.Joysandwoes，paredwithwhiightseembutfaintshadows，wfromtheions.Happinessandsorrolaceoftheonitors，pleasureandpain;butductwouldstillbeshapedbytheobservatiouralcesofas;or，inotherwords，bythelawsofthenatureofman.
[8]ToeveryoheworldwasonceasfreshaoAdaAndthen，longbeforeweweresusceptibleofanyothermodeofinstruaturetookusinhand，aeofwakiitsedualinfluengourathaature’slaws，sothatwemightimelybytoogrossdisobedienorshouldIspeakofthisprocessofeduaspastforanyone，beheasoldashemay.Foreverymantheworldisasfreshasitwasatthefirstday，andasfullofuiesforhimwhohastheeyestoseetheAillgherpatieionofusiuheuniverse，ofwhichweareallmembers—Naturehavis.ThosewhotakehonorsinNature’suy，wholearnthelawswhienandthingsahem，arethereallygreatandsuccessfulmeninthiswreatmassofmahe“Poll5”
，whopickupjustenoughthwithoutmuchdiscredit.Thosewhowoallarepludthenyoueupagain.Nature’splusextermination.
[9]ThusthequestionofpulsoryeduissettledsofarasNatureised.Herbilloionassedlongago.But，likeallpulsislation，thatofNatureisharshasedassharplyaswillfuldisobediencapacitymeetswiththesamepuasature’sdiseisnotevenawordandablow，andtheblowfirst;buttheblowwithouttheword.Itislefttoyoutofindoutwhyyourearsareboxed.
[10]TheobjectofwhatweoioioninwhitervenesandwhichIshalldistinguishasartificialedu—istomakegoodthesedefeature’smethods;topreparethechildtoreature’sedueitherinnorantly，norwithwillfuldisobedieouhepreliminarysymptomsofherpleasure，withoutwaitiheear.Inshort，allartificialeduoughttobeanantiofion.Andaliberaleduisanartificialeduwhiotonlypreparedamahegreatevilsofdisobedieurallaws，buthastraioappredtoseizeupontherewardswhiaturescatterswithasfreeahaies.
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